The Right Way

Although less common now than it used to be, I frequently see people run into problems when a web browser does not work well with a particular website. Most people assume the browser is at fault if the website works without problems in other browsers. It seems like good reasoning, but it’s often far from the truth. In this article, I’ll explain why these problems exist, what web developers are doing, and how standards compliance helps.

The Problem. Since the early 1990s, there have been many browsers to choose from. Because of the web’s rapid growth, there was high demand for browsers to add new features, to make it easier to write web pages, and even to allow mistakes. So browsers like Navigator and Internet Explorer added support for non-standard and improperly-used web page elements^[1]. This led many to develop websites which worked well in only one browser, and it was very common to see “best viewed with browser X” on a web page.

The situation has improved since then, and Internet Explorer is now the only major browser with poor standards compliance^[2]. The other major browsers, Mozilla Firefox, Opera, Google Chrome, and Apple’s Safari, do a much better job adhering to standards. In particular, Firefox now has between 20 and 30% market share^[3][4][5] – which means web developers can no longer afford to build websites which work only in Internet Explorer.

Web Development. This conflict among major web browsers has made it difficult to create websites which work properly in all browsers. Many people developing websites for themselves simply do not have the time to test their site in other browsers. Additionally, as the web grows and the official standards become more complex, it’s harder for browsers to support new standards while maintaining backward compatibility with existing web pages.^[6]

So every major browser has exceptions in which it doesn’t follow the standard – known as “quirks.” And now that standards compliance has become more important, browsers generally have two ways of interpreting and displaying a web page – “standards mode” and “quirks mode.”^{[7][8][9][10]} When a web page specifies compliance with a newer standard, browsers generally use standards mode. When a page doesn’t specify a standard or when an older standard is used, browsers generally use quirks mode.^[11] However, even in standards mode, a browser may still have some quirks.^[12]

So what do web developers do now? A good website written today will specify compliance with a newer standard and implement browser-specific fixes for whatever quirks or bugs affect the site. Additionally, a good site’s code will be valid according to the standard it specified. The most common cause of website display issues is poorly written code.

Standards Compliance. The Word Wide Web Consortium (W3C) is an organization which publishes official standards for web pages – which they call “recommendations.” Once a standard has been published, web browsers can begin to implement support for it. And once that happens, web developers can write websites which make use of the new functionality. The greatest benefit of having a standards compliant website is compatibility with every browser which supports the standard. Of course some browser-specific fixes may still be needed, but it usually takes relatively little effort to support other compliant browsers.

Something else that standards compliance creates is a guarantee that the website was developed properly. Many older, problematic techniques can still be used today even though their use is highly discouraged. If a website is compliant, you at least have some assurance that the website was well-written. And in some cases, visitors like to see compliance icons, and many websites publicly display the standard they comply with.

One of the tools you can use to test a website’s compliance is the W3C Validator. It can parse a web page and highlight any non-compliant elements. All you need to do is provide the URL of the page you want to check. While this tool can be useful, it’s worth noting that websites with frequent updates or dynamic content do have a harder time maintaining compliance.

When their current computer gets too slow, the first thing many people think is that they need to buy a new one. And while those people may be right sometimes, it’s usually a much better choice to fix the problem. It really all depends on what’s gone wrong, and in this article, I want to explain the most common problems and what can be done to fix them.

Failing Hard Drive. The only component in your computer that is expected to degrade over time is your hard drive. Despite what retailers want you to believe, a good hard drive shouldn’t be expected to last more than three years. And usually, it won’t go all at once – it will slowly develop problems over time before giving out. Because hard drives are expected to fail, you should never trust your important files to just one hard drive.

The best way to find out if your drive has any problems is to use a diagnostic program to read the SMART data from your hard drive. The actual diagnostic data is somewhat cryptic, but HD Sentinel is an easy-to-use, free program that will give you bar graphs for the performance and health of your drive. It’s important to note that you can’t rely on SMART data to predict a drive’s failure, but it is the best way to determine if a working drive has any issues.

In most cases, the best thing you can do to speed up your computer is to upgrade the hard drive. Higher RPMs, more cache memory, and lower latencies are more important than the size of the hard drive when it comes to performance. Also, you should make sure that the drive you buy is reliable, and a good way to do that is to buy from a website that allows users to leave feedback on products. If you buy your drive in a store, you have no idea how good it is. It’s not uncommon for even the bigger manufacturers to have duds.

Corrupt Windows Install. An installation of Windows becomes cluttered with extra files and registry entries over time, and it is a good practice to reinstall Windows at least once a year. Even if your hard drive is running fine, an old Windows installation can really drag your computer down.

There are many “cleanup” programs out there, but the best thing to do is reinstall. That means breaking out your Windows disc (or the Operating System disc from your PC vendor) to do a fresh installation. Although Windows will let you reinstall on top of your original installation, it is not a good thing to do. It’s much better to delete your Windows partition (usually “c:”) and recreate it. Of course, before doing that you should back up anything that’s important (preferably to more than one location).

Bulky Applications. The next cause for a slow computer is big, overweight applications. Many popular apps such as Anti-Virus and CD Burning programs have become very resource-intensive, and they continue to grow larger. Most of the hard drive and memory space they consume is usually due to excessive graphics that don’t add functionality.

So because of updates and upgrades, your computer may not run the same applications as quickly now as it did when it was new, and this is not your computer’s fault. A good practice is to prefer applications that are lighter on resources. You can check Task Manager in Windows or System Monitor in Ubuntu to see how much memory space and processor time each application is using.

Not Enough Memory. The first thing many technicians will tell you is that the best way to speed up an old computer is to add more memory. However, (in my opinion) adding memory is the easiest thing you can do, but it’s rarely the best or only thing you should do.

If your computer currently has less than 1GB of memory, then regardless of your operating system, you should probably add more. If you’re using a memory-hungry OS like Vista, then you should have 2GBs minimum.

You can check Ubuntu’s System Monitor and Windows’ Task Manager to find out how much of your total memory your applications actually use. Don’t worry if you see Windows heavily using the hard drive as virtual memory (aka “Commit Charge”) – that is normal for Windows systems.

What Not to Do. When looking for ways to improve your computer, there are a few things you shouldn’t do. It’s rarely ever worth the time to upgrade a processor or motherboard. Even if you upgrade to a faster processor, a higher clock speed doesn’t necessarily give you better performance.

Motherboards are not a common upgrade on name-brand systems like Dell and Gateway because each manufacturer has a custom design that’s incompatible with standard motherboards. And even if you can upgrade, it’s rarely worth the time and expense.

Who to Avoid. If you do decide to repair or upgrade your computer, you should never go to a retail chain that offers tech support. The only reason retail chains offer support is to sell the products they carry, and at this point they are nothing more than a rip-off.

However, we’re not saying you have to go with us. There’s certainly other good companies out there that offer PC repair services. The thing to avoid is relying on a “tech” who has something to gain by selling you on something. Even smaller repair companies may get commissions or they may mark up prices, so it’s always best to double-check recommendations and prices.

When is it Time? This depends on your situation of course, but it’s time to buy a new computer when your current computer either can’t be upgraded or isn’t worth the investment. Let’s say you wanted to do all the things outlined above and a liberal estimate for parts and labor is $175. That’s a lot better than paying $500+ for a new computer that will have the same problems a year or two down the road.

If your computer doesn’t support 1GB of memory, can’t run a modern operating system (e.g., XP or Ubuntu), or for whatever reason isn’t worth the investment, then you should look at buying a new computer. The truth is that just about any computer made in the past five years will do everything that 80% of the users out there could want. You’ll only need something faster if you’re into gaming, graphics creation, or a another resource-intensive task.

Thanks for reading, and I hope this article has been helpful!